Bunions (Hallux Valgus)

A bunion, medically known as hallux valgus, is a progressive deformity that occurs when the big toe drifts inward toward the other toes, causing the joint at its base to enlarge and protrude. While often aggravated by tight footwear, bunions typically stem from inherited foot structure and biomechanical imbalances.

According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, bunions affect up to 23% of adults and become more common with age. At Mountain Spine & Orthopedics, our foot and ankle specialists diagnose and treat bunions with personalized plans to relieve pain, correct alignment, and help you stay active.

Recognizing bunion symptoms early allows for conservative treatment before the deformity progresses.

• Visible bony bump on the side of the big toe joint
• Pain and tenderness around the joint, especially when wearing shoes
• Redness, inflammation, and swelling over the bump
• Difficulty finding shoes that fit comfortably
• Restricted movement of the big toe
• Corns or calluses where the first and second toes overlap
• Secondary hammertoe deformity from crowding

• Genetics: Family history of bunions (foot type is inherited)
• Footwear: Tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes
• Foot structure: Flat feet, low arches, or loose joints
• Arthritis: Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis
• Gender: Women are affected more often than men
• Occupation: Jobs requiring prolonged standing in dress shoes

Diagnosing a bunion involves a physical examination of the foot and a review of your symptoms. To fully assess the deformity, we use weight-bearing X-rays to determine the alignment of the bones, measure the angle of deviation, and detect any associated arthritis.

We assess for related conditions including hammertoes, Morton's neuroma, and metatarsalgia that commonly occur alongside bunions.

Treatment depends on the severity of the bunion and your symptoms.

Non-Surgical Treatment

• Wider shoes: Shoes with a spacious toe box reduce pressure
• Bunion pads: Cushion the bump and prevent friction
• Orthotics: Custom insoles improve foot mechanics
• Toe spacers: Separate the big toe from the second toe
• NSAIDs: Reduce pain and inflammation
• Ice: Apply to reduce swelling after activity

Surgical Treatment

When conservative measures fail or the bunion is severe, bunion correction surgery (bunionectomy) may be recommended. Our surgeons utilize minimally invasive techniques to realign the bone, repair soft tissues, and provide lasting correction.

Pain from bunions originates from the inflamed joint due to pressure and misalignment. It can range from a dull ache to sharp, intense pain, especially when wearing shoes. The overlying bursa can also become inflamed (bursitis), contributing to tenderness and swelling.

While you can't change your genetics, the right footwear choices can slow bunion progression and reduce discomfort.

• Choose proper footwear: Wide toe box, low heels (under 2 inches)
• Avoid tight shoes: Ensure a thumb's width of space at the toe
• Use orthotics: Especially if you have flat feet or pronation
• Stretch your toes: Regular toe exercises maintain flexibility
• Monitor changes: Address early signs before progression
• Alternate shoes: Don't wear the same shoes daily
• Go barefoot: When safe, to strengthen foot muscles

If you are struggling with bunion pain or a deformity that affects your daily life, contact Mountain Spine & Orthopedics. Our specialists can provide a thorough evaluation and discuss personalized treatment pathways to provide relief.